Overview
Starting point:
- To be intelligent is to understand the world,
- The machine at issue is electronic,
- The process of understanding is a semantic process,
- The semantics of electronics are a mystery.
Turing knew a lot about electronics but didn't address the most important question for AI: How can a computer have semantic content (human minds do). John Searle's Chinese Room Argument exposed the extent of Turing's omission. To this day, AI research hasn't addressed the semantics of electronics and as a result doesn't understand how a computer could have human-like general intelligence.
LLMs are amazing statistical engines, but its clear from edge cases, "hallucinations" and other fundamental issues that they lack human-like general understanding. Also, they are built from instances of binary differences created by human minds on the basis of already existing human knowledge.
It's the same old problem of Symbolic AI. Humans use human intelligence to define the behavior of the machine. The system itself isn't intelligent. It's as dumb as a brick.
The same goes for LLMs. Machine behavior is determined by a vast statistical analysis of binary differences created by already existing human intelligence. The LLM itself is as dumb as a brick.
We will know when machines are on the way to human-like general intelligence when they survive in the wild - in a hostile, novel, complex and changing environemnt.
Some classic papers and books
Some classic papers and books.
- Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua, 1960, The present status of automatic translation of languages
- Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua, 1960, A demonstration of the nonfeasibility of fully automatic high quality translation
- Block, Ned, 1981, Psychologism and behaviorism
- Block, Ned, c.1995, The mind as the software of the brain
- Bickhard, Mark and Loren Terveen, 1995, Foundational issues in artificial intelligence and cognitive science
- Brooks, Rodney, 1986, Achieving artificial intelligence through building robots
- Brooks, Rodney, 1990, Elephants don't play chess
- Brooks, Rodney, 1991, Intelligence without representation
- Brooks, Rodney, 1991, Intelligence without reason
- Dennett, Daniel, 1984, Cognitive wheels: The frame problem of AI
- Dreyfus, Hubert, 1965, Alchemy and artificial intelligence
- Dreyfus, Hubert, 1979, From micro-worlds to knowledge representation: AI at an impass
- Fodor, Jerry, 1983, The modularity of mind
- French, Robert, 2000, The Turing test: The first 50 years
- Gibson, James, 1986, The theory of affordances
- Gibson, James, 1986, The ecological approach to visual perception chs 5 and 11
- Harnad, Stevan, 1990, The symbol grounding problem
- Haugeland, John (Ed.), 1997, Mind design II
- Kuhn, Thomas, 1962, The structure of scientific revolutions
- LeBouthillier, Arthur, 1999, W. Grey Walter and his turtle robots
- Lighthill, James, 1973, Artificial intelligence: A general survey
- Lovelace, Ada, 1843, Note G
- Marr, David, 1982, Vision ch 1
- McCarthy, John, 1955, 1956 Dartmouth College summer workshop proposal
- McCarthy, John and Patrick Hayes, 1969, Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence
- McCorduck, Pamela, 2004, Machines who think
- McCulloch, Warren and Walter Pitts, 1943, A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity
- Minsky, Marvin, 1961, Steps toward artificial intelligence
- Minsky, Marvin and Seymour Papert, 1969, Perceptrons
- Minsky, Marvin and Seymour Papert, 1972, Artificial intelligence progress report
- Minsky, Marvin, 1974, A framework for representing knowledge
- Minsky, Marvin, 1982, Why people think computers can’t
- Neumann, John von, 1945, First draft of a report on the EDVAC
- Newell, Allen and Herbert Simon, 1961, Computer simulation of human thinking
- Newell, Allen and Herbert Simon, 1975, Computer science as empirical inquiry: symbols and search
- Nilsson, Nils, 2007, The Physical Symbol System Hypothesis: Status and prospects
- Pinker, Stevan, 2005, So how does the mind work?
- Pylyshyn, Zenon and Fodor, Jerry, n.d., c.1988, Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis
- Russell, Stuart and Peter Norvig, 1995, Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (1st edition)
- Saygin, Ayse et al, 2000, Turing Test: 50 years later
- Searle, John, 1980, Minds, brains, and programs
- Searle, John, 1983, Can computers think?
- Searle, John, 1984, Minds, brains and science
- Searle, John, 1987, Interview with Bruce Krajewski
- Searle, John, 1990, Is the brain a digital computer?
- Searle, John, 1990, Is the brain's mind a computer program?
- Searle, John, 1997, The mystery of consciousness
- Searle, John, 1999, The problem of consciousness
- Searle, John, 2014, What your computer can't know
- Shannon, Claude, 1948, A mathematical theory of communication
- Simon, Herbert, 1962, The architecture of complexity
- Sloman, Aaron, 1978, The computer revolution in philosophy
- Solomonoff, Grace, n.d., c. 2011, History of the Dartmouth summer research project
- Stallings, William, 2010, Computer organization and architecture
- Turing, Alan, 1936, On computable numbers, with an application to the entscheidungsproblem
- Turing, Alan, 1946, Report on the Automatic Calculator Engine (ACE)
- Turing, Alan, 1950, Computing machinery and intelligence
- Turing, Alan, 1950, Programmers' Handbook for Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II
- Wiener, Norbert, 1948, Cybernetics